whose reign was marked by cunning and conspiracies. For each one of these Kings, you will find a detailed description of the style of his reign and his political achievements. They are, in order: Louis I the Debonaire, Louis II the Stammerer, Louis III, Louis IV from Outremer, Louis V the Lazy, Louis VI the Fat, Louis VII the Young, Louis VIII the Lion, Louis IX the Saint, Louis X the Quarreller, and Louis XI the Cunning.