Strains in a continuum
3 Assumptions of the theory of elasticity versus reality
3.1 Stress concentration
3.2 Anisotropy
3.3 Shear sensitivity
3.4 Probabilistic stress distribution
4 Odemark’s method
4.1 Example of the Use of Odemark’s Method
4.2 Westergaard’s equations for rigid pavements
5 The Finite Element Method (FEM)
6 Non-linear models
7 Viscous and visco-elastic modes (Rheology)
7.1 Kelvin model
7.2 Maxwell model
7.3 Burgers model
7.4 Parabolic element
7.5 The SHRP model
7.6 Temperature shift factor
8 Distinct Element Method
8.1 Two dimensional stress distribution
8.2 Biaxial tests on angular elements
9 Structural damage prediction
9.1 Example of HDM III model
9.2 Deflection is a poor substitute for bearing capacity
9.3 Asphalt strain criteria
9.4 Continuum Damage Mechanics
9.4.1 Damage based on Actual Stress
9.4.2 Damage based on Energy Density
9.4.3 Damage based on Delayed Elastic Energy Density
9.5 Finite Element simulation of asphalt damage
9.6 Visible cracks in asphalt pavements
9.7 Cracking of Portland Cement bound materials
10 Plastic deformation
11 Roughness
11.1 The AASHTO design equation for flexible pavements
11.2 Mathematical Model of Pavement Performance (MMOPP)
11.2.1 Spatial variation of pavement parameters
11.2.2 Climatic variations
11.2.3 Loading
12 Determination of Moduli
12.1 Laboratory tests and equations based on standard tests
12.2 In Situ tests
12.2.1 Wave propagation methods
12.2.2 Falling Weight Deflectometer
12.3 Design values
13 Verification of response and performance models
13.1 Verifying response models
13.2 Verifying performance models
13.3 Verification using a PMS (PERS)
14 Surfacing characteristics
14.1 Skid resistance
14.2 Ageing
14.3 Surface wear
15 Uniform subsections
16 User effects
16.1 Vehicle operating costs
16.2 Accident costs
16.3 Other effects
17 Optimisation
18 Conclusion
References
Index
