religion, gender and class distinctions, media, myth formations and urbanization.

Transnationalism involves a loosening of boundaries, a deterritorialization of the nation-state, and higher degrees of interconnectedness among cultures and peoples across the globe. As people make transnational voyages and live lives of flexible citizenship in two or more cultures, they adhere to a new type of nationalism that creates an exclusionist discourse and builds the Other as conservative defenders of cruder territorial loyalties. This transnational solidarity - a new communitarianism beyond the loyalties to any one place or ethnic group - threatens the old order with its conceptions that assimilation and integration will remake the foreigner into a particular national citizen.